Министерство образования Республики Беларусь

Учреждение образования
“Гомельский государственный университет
имени Франциска Скорины”

С.Н. Мокроусова, Ж.М. Поплавская,
 Е.Д. Садовская

ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА 
АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА 

Практическое пособие  по теме
“SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD” для студентов
специальности 1 – 02 03 06 02 “Немецкий язык”
В 2 частях.
Часть 2

Гомель 2006

УДК  811.111 (075.8)
 ББК  81.432.1-923.2
          М 749

Рецензенты:
    кафедра теории и практики английского языка учреждения
образования “Гомельский государственный университет имени
Франциска Скорины”

Рекомендовано к изданию научно-методическим советом учреждения образования “Гомельский государственный университет имени Франциска Скорины” 

    Мокроусова, С.Н.
М 749      Практическая грамматика английского языка :  
                 практическое пособие по теме  “Subjunctive Mood” для
                 студентов специальности 1 – 02 03 06 02  “Немецкий
                 язык” / С. Н. Мокроусова, Ж. М. Поплавская, Е. Д. 
                 Садовская; Министерство образования  РБ,  Гомельский 
                 государственный университет им. Ф. Скорины. – Гомель:
                 УО “ГГУ им. Ф.Скорины, 2006. – 66 с.

В практическом пособии рассматриваются многочисленные случаи употребления сослагательного наклонения в английском языке и адресовано студентам специальности 1–02 03 06 02  “Немецкий язык ”, изучающих английский язык как вторую специальность.

                                                                               УДК  811.111(075.8)
                                                                               ББК   81.432.1-923.2

                                                 © С.Н .Мокроусова, Ж.М. Поплавская,        
                                                     Е.Д. Садовская, 2006
                                         © УО “ГГУ им. Ф. Скорины”,  2006

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Введение……………………………………………………… 4

Часть 1  Практические задания на использование
 сослагательного наклонения……………………………….. 5

Часть 2  Упражнения для самостоятельной работы….……17

Часть 3  Грамматический комментарий и примеры 
употребления сослагательного наклонения……………………… 41

Литература …………………………………………………… 66

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

	Практическое пособие по практической грамматике английского языка адресовано студентам пятого курса специальности 1 – 02 03 06 02 “Немецкий язык” и направлено на выработку автоматизации рецептивных грамматических навыков при изучении темы “Сослагательное наклонение в современном английском языке”. 
      В практическом пособии представлена система разноуровневых заданий и упражнений, а также задания для самоконтроля и ключи для самокоррекции. Пособие состоит из трех частей.  В первой и во второй части представлена система упражнений, которая обеспечивает усвоение и контроль данного грамматического явления.
      Третья часть содержит сведения по употреблению сослагательного наклонения, необходимые для чтения, понимания и общения, снабженные подробными примерами из аутентичной литературы. При этом авторы стремились к простоте и ясности изложения, избегая теоретизирования, отвлекающего от поставленных практических целей.
       Авторы ориентировались на коммуникативный подход к преподаванию грамматики, т.к. он позволяет   в сравнительно короткие сроки сформировать у обучаемых системное представление о данном языке и дает возможность обеспечить необходимую для начинающих повторяемость изучаемых грамматических явлений. Представленные в пособии речевые упражнения носят преимущественно творческий характер.

P A R T    1

Ex.  1   Open the brackets.
1	If you (learn) your words well, you (not have to) be afraid of the vocabulary test.
2	If your sister (drive) more carefully, the accident (not happen).
3	If Tina (call), tell her I (ring) her back later.
4	I think life (be) very boring if we (have) nothing to do.
5	If I (live) in Australia, I (probably be) a sheep farmer.
6	The train has left. If you (get up) earlier, we (not miss) it.
7	Take my advice! If you (give up) smoking, you (feel) a lot better.
8	If you (think) this exercise was too difficult, you (have to) read the grammar rules once more

Ex. 2  What would you do if?
1	If I were a French teacher ...
2	If I could travel anywhere in the world ...
3	If I were President of ...
4	If I were ... year old again ...
5	If I could have any job I wanted, ...

 Ex.  3  Write what you would do or could do.
— if you were a king/queen, president, a famous sportsman/sportswoman, an excellent singer, James Bond, the head master/headmistress of your school, a baker, a bird ...
—	if you had a million dollars, a car, magic powers, a time machine.

Ex.  4 Open the brackets.
1	Mary: If somebody (see) us with our dictionary, they (call) us crazy.
2	Nick: I don't think it (be) so nice if adults (be) at the party.
3	Pete: We (never learn) all these words if Mary (not bring) her dictionary.
4	John: If a teacher (tell) me all these English words, I (forget) them at once.
5	Garry: If my friend Nick (know) about all his, he (take) part in the exchange, too.

 Ex. 5 Complete the sentences following the pattern of Type 2 conditionals.
1   If you changed your job you ...
2   If you went to see a doctor he ...
3   If we bought a house in the country, we ...
4   If they came to see us in London, we ...
5   If you took the shoes back to the shop they ...
6   If you. read the book a second time you .
.
 Ex. 6   Complete the sentences following one of the patterns for conditionals of Type 2.
1	What ... if you were in my shoes?
2	If .... I wouldn't think of changing my job.
3	How would you react if ...?
4	If only you would read more carefully ...
5	Do you think I would be telling you this if ...?
6	I wouldn't buy the picture even if ...
7	Even if he knew the truth what ...?
8	If only he would admit he was wrong ... .

Ex. 7   Write conditional sentences based on the given fact.
1	He didn't give me his number, so I couldn't telephone him.
2	As the sun was in the right direction, the photographs came out very well.
3	The shop didn't pack the goods properly, so they got damaged.
4	He didn't remember what had been said because he wasn't paying attention.
5	He wasn't able to answer all the questions, so he didn't pass the examination.

Ex.  8   Finish the sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the one printed before it.
1	It's my opinion that you should take more exercise. If I ...
2	Without his wife's constant support he would never achieve his ambition. If he ...
3	But for his presence of mind there might have been a serious accident If it ...
4	Without proper lessons you could pick up a lot of bad habits. If you ...
5	It would be a waste of everyone's time to discuss the question any further. It ... if we ...
6	Follow the instructions carefully and you won't have any problems. As long as ...         

Ex. 9  Complete the sentences.
1	We would have flown to California ...
2	If I had read more about the history of California ...
3	We would have stayed in San Francisco longer ...
4	If I had known about the famous hydrant ...
5	We would have taken photos of all the sights ...
6	I wouldn't have been so tired when we got to Yosemite ...
7	If the ads had said something about the noise from traffic ..

Ex. 10  I think ... Practise conditional sentences.
     Example: I think Helen would have been (be) upset if  she hadn't been allowed   to (not be allowed to) go to the rock  concert,  
1   ... if Tommy (not be) so proud, he (apologize) to Mr Smith and the other players of  the team
2  … Sally (stay) at home, too, if Ann (not go) to the concert.
3 ... Mary (feel) happier if more children in her class (be) friendly to her.
4  ... Lau's friends (choose) a nicer apartment if they (have) a choice.
5   ... if Elliot (steal) the car radios, he (tell) John about it.
6   ... Elliot (be sent) to prison if John and Jackson (not be able to) help him.                                               

Ex. 11  Choose one of the following situations and write down what you would have done. Explain why you would have behaved in this way.
1	Fifteen-year-old Sue won two tickets for a trip round the world. She gave them to her grandparents.        
2	Mrs. Cornfield hit the dog that jumped at her and made her dress dirty.
3	John didn't take his car to the garage although he noticed that it used too much petrol.
4	Joe drove home along a lonely country road last night. At the side of the road somebody was repairing his car. Joe didn't stop,  he drove on.

Ex.  12   Comment on the following situations with if.
1	Michael’s father didn't earn much money, so life wasn't easy for them.
2	Nick ate too much birthday cake, so he was sick.
3	The house didn't burn down because the fire brigade came immediately.
4	The men were wearing protective clothing, so they were all quite safe.
5	I was sweating because it was so hot.
6	I didn't enjoy school, so I didn't do very well.

Ex. 13  Supply the correct forms of the missing verbs. Use could have or might have in the main clause.
1  If I .................. (manage) to repair my car earlier, I could have driven (drive) you to London.
2   If I .................. (know) last week that she was ill, .I.................. (visit) her.                      
3 If you ............... (not want) to drive straight home, we .................. (miss) all this traffic.
4  If you ..................... (ask) politely, I ..................... (help) you.
5  If the weather forecast ........................ (be) different, we ....  ................. (stay) at home. .
6  We ..................... (be) at the airport for hours, if we ............ (not know) that the flight was delayed.
7  I ..................... (make) a bad mistake, if I ......................(not read) the instructions.
8   We ..................... (have) an accident, if our car ...............(not be) properly serviced.
9   If he .................(fasten his seatbelt), he ............ (not be) hurt.
10  She ............... (not hear) the news, if she .................. (not turn on) the. radio this morning.
11  If they ................ (could see) us, they ..................... (laugh).
12  If you ... (tell) me you needed money, I…. (lend) you some.
13  I ................... (save) some food for you, if I .......(know) you were going to be late.
14  They ....... (play) better, if they ........... (have) more training
.
Ex. 14   Put in Type 3 conditionals throughout.

BOTH RIGHT AND BOTH WRONG
The black car screamed round the corner on the wrong side of the road and passed a white car doing exactly the same thing in the other direction. Both drivers stopped and got out of their cars. "If I (be) .................. on my side of the road, you (kill) ,.............. me," driver A shouted. "But you weren't on your side of the road," driver В shouted back. "If you (...driving) .............. more carefully, you (not be) .................on the wrong side of the road." "If I (know)  ........................what was round the corner, I (keep) ................. to my side of the road, " driver A said. "If you (know).................. what was round the corner, you not driving) ..................... so carelessly." Suddenly, both men stopped shouting and driver A said, very quietly, "If we both (not be) ........................... on the wrong side of the road, we (be) .................... dead now." Without speaking a further word, both men shook hands and drove away.

Ex. 15  Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. Conditional sentences: Type 3.
1	If I had known that you were in hospital I (visit) you.
2	If you (arrive) ten minutes earlier you would have got a seat.
3	You would have seen my garden at its best if you (be) here last week.
4	I shouldn't have believed it if I (not see) it with my own eyes.
5	If he had asked you, you (accept)?
6	If I (had) a map I would have been all right.
7	If I (know) that you were coming I'd have baked a cake. 
8	If I (realize) what a bad driver you were I wouldn't have come with you.
9	 If I had realized that the traffic lights were red I (stop).
10	If you (speak) more slowly he might have understood you.
11	If he had known the whole story he (not be) so angry.
12	If you hadn't been in such a hurry you (not put) sugar into the sauce instead of salt.

Ex. 16  Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses..
1	The job is much worse than Nick expected. If he (realize) how awful it was going to be he (not accept) it.
2	He was sent to prison only because he refused to pay the fine; if he (pay) the fine he (not be) sent to prison.
3	I had no map; that's why I got lost. If I (had) a map I  (be) all right.
4	Why didn't you say that you were short of money? If I (know) I (lend) you some.
5	I overslept; that's why I'm half an hour late; and if my phone (not ring) at nine o'clock I might still be in bed.
6	It was rather a dull game so I left before the end; if I (wait) another five minutes I (see) Chelsea scoring a really exciting goal.
7	The accident was mainly Tom's fault. He was driving much too close to the car in front. If he (be) further away he (be able) to stop in time.
8	8. The launching of the rocket was delayed half an hour by bad weather. If the weather (be) good they (launch) it at 8.30 instead of at 9.00.                                     :
9	Why did you throw away those newspapers? I hadn't finished with them. - I'm sorry. If I (know) you were still reading them I (not throw) them away.
10	I'm sorry you didn't tell me that dogs were allowed in the hotel; if I (know) I (bring) my dog. He (enjoy) the walk.
11	Most people (attend) the union meeting if they had had longer notice of it.
12	The burglar made quite a lot of noise getting into the house; but fortunately for him the family were watching a noisy TV play. If they (play) cards they certainly (hear) him.

Ex. 17   Rewrite these sentences using an if construction.     
I didn't see the signal, so I didn't stop – If I had seen the signal I would have stopped.
1	She didn't know you were in hospital, so she didn't visit you.
2	I didn't know your number, so I didn't ring
3	We only came by bus because there were no taxis.
4	We didn't visit the museum because we hadn't time.
5	I only came up the stairs because the lift wasn't working.
6	We didn't listen carefully; perhaps that's why we made this mistake.
7	We got a lift, so we reached the station in time.
8	They were driving very quickly. That's why the accident was so terrible.
9	It was raining. That's the only reason I didn't take the children to the beach,
10	Tom's father was on the Board. That's the only reason he got the job.
11	I don't like country life, perhaps because I wasn't brought up in the country.
12	It rained all the time. Perhaps that's why he didn't enjoy his visit.

Ex. 18  Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms. Conditional sentences: mixed types.            
1	French is essential in this job. All the telephonists speak it. If they (not know) French they (not understand) half the callers.
2	This flat would be all right if the people above us (not be) so noisy.
3	If the pain (return) you'd better take another pill.
4	If you aren't going to live in the house why you (not sell) it? If I (have) a house I couldn't use I (sell) it at once.
5	No, I didn't know any Russian at that time. ~
6	But if you (not know) Russian why you (offer) to give him Russian lessons? ~ Because I knew that he (refuse).  He always rejected my offers.
7	Tell him to bring his bicycle inside. If he (leave) it outside someone (steal) it.
8	She must have loved him very much because she waited for him for fifteen years. If she (not love) him she (not wait) so long.
9	When he left school he became a fisherman. His family didn't like it at all. They (be) much happier if he (become) a greengrocer like his father.
10	But he says that if he (have) his life again he (make) the same choice.
11	So many parcels and no baskets! If I (know) that we were going to buy so much I (bring) a basket
12	The only thing I haven't got is a balcony. If I (have) a balcony I (grow) plants in pots. Then my flat (be) perfect!
13	Jack rang while you were out. 
14	Oh dear! If I (know) he was going to ring I (stay) at home.

Ex. 19   Finish the following sentences.
1	I'd have taken a photograph if ... 
2	If you should see a snake ... .
3	If I lived in the country ... .
4	If you want to get to the station in time to catch the 8.10 train ....
5	The milk wouldn't have turned sour if... .
6	They were completely lost and didn't know which way to turn; but for the dog ....
7	If you took a course in computer programming ... .
8	I could have walked more quickly if my suitcase ... .
9	My room would be all right if it ... .
10	We'll test your voice and if it is good enough ... .
11	If buses and trains were free ... .
12	.If you had a carpet on the stairs ... .
13	If I'd known that there was going to be a strike I ....

Ex. 20   Put in the right conditionals.

THE SECRET OF A LONG LIFE
Grygori Pilikian recently celebrated his 114 birthday and reporters visited him in his mountain village in Georgia to find out the secret of a long life. "The secret of a long life," Grygori said, “is happiness. If you (be) ............ happy, you will live a long time." "Are you married?" a reporter asked. "Yes." Grygori replied. "I married my third wife when I was 102. If you are happily married, you (live) ............... for my ever. But for my third wife, I (die) ........... years ago." "What about smoking and drinking?" a reporter asked. "Yes, they are important," Grygori said. "Don't smoke at all and you (feel) ............ well. Drink two glasses of wine a day and you (be)............... healthy and happy." "If you (can/live) ............ your life again, what (you/do) ...............?" a reporter asked. "I would do what I have done. If I had had more sense, I (eat)............ more yoghourt!" he chuckled. "Supposing you (can/change) .................. one thing in your life what (you/change)...........?" another reporter asked. "Not much," Grygori replied. "So you don't have any regrets?" "Yes, I have one regret," Grygori replied. "If I (know) ................. I was going to live so long, I (look after.............. myself better!"

Ex. 21   Fill in the blanks.
1   Why didn't you tell me your parents were coming to dinner?
If you ______me your parents were coming to dinner, I would have _____some more food.         
And if _____some more food, there would have been enough for everybody to eat. And if ______ for everybody to eat, we _____to an expensive restaurant,                                     
And if we ____to an expensive restaurant, we ___ so much money
2   Why didn't you tell me our English class was cancelled?   
If ___ our English class was cancelled, I ___to school yesterday afternoon.                                    
And if ____ to school yesterday afternoon, I ___ at home when the TV repairman came to pick up the TV. And if I ____ at home when the TV repairman came to pick up the TV, he ____ able to take it to his repair shop.
And if the TV repairman _____ able to take the TV to his repair shop, I'm sure he ____ fixed it. And if the TV repairman _____ the TV, we'd be  watching it right now!

Ex.  22    Complete the sentences.
I'm really glad I went to the Gold Star Business School.
If ________ to the Gold Star Business School, I _____ to program a computer.
And if _______ a computer, I ________ a job at the Reliable Insurance Company.
And if I ______ a job at the Reliable Insurance Company,
I ______ to Los Angeles on business.
And if I _____ to Los Angeles on business, I ______ met your mother. And if _______, you _________ born!

P A R T      2

PRACTICE 1-SELFSTUDY: Conditional sentences. 
Directions: Answer the questions about each conditional sentence with "yes" or "no".
1  If the weather had been good yesterday, our picnic would not have been canceled. 
a.	Was the picnic canceled?   
b.	 Was the weather good?
2  If I had an envelope and a stamp, I would mail this letter right now. 
a. Do I have an envelope and a stamp right now? ______
b. Do I want to mail this letter right now? ______
c. Am I going to mail this letter right now? ______
3   Ann would have made it to class on time this morning if the bus hadn't been late. 
a. Did Ann try to make it to class on time? ______
b. Did Ann make it to class on time? ______
c. Was the bus late? ______
4   If I were a carpenter, I would build my own house.
a. Do I want to build my own house? ______
b. Am I going to build my own house? ______
c. Am I a carpenter? ______
5  If the hotel had been built to withstand an earthquake, it would not have collapsed. 
a. Was the hotel built to withstand an earthquake? ______
b. Did the hotel collapse? .______
6   If I didn't have any friends, I would be lonely. 
a. Am I lonely? ______
b. Do I have friends? ______

7  If Bob had asked me to keep the news a secret, I wouldn't have told anybody. 
a. Did I tell anybody the news? ______
b. Did Bob ask me to keep it a secret? ______
8   If Thomas had sold his car, he would have to take the subway to work every morning.
 a. Does Thomas have a car? ______
b. Does he take the subway to work? ______
9. If Ann and Jan, who are twins, dressed alike and had the same hairstyles, I wouldn't be able to tell them apart.
a. Do Ann and Jan dress alike? ______
b. Do they have the same hairstyles? ______
c. Can I tell them apart? ______

PRACTICE 2 - SELFSTUDY: Conditional sentences, present/future. 
Directions: Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. Some of the sentences are "contrary to fact" and some are not.
1  I am not an astronaut. If I (be)     were____ an astronaut, I (take)     would_____ take______ my camera with me on the rocket ship next month. .
2  Most people know that oil floats on water. If you pour oil on water, it (float)___floats/will float__________.
3  If there (be) ________________ no oxygen on earth, life as we know it (exist, not)
4 My evening newspaper has been late every day this week. If the paper (arrive, not) ___________________ on time today, I'm going to cancel my subscription.

5 If I (be) ______________ a bird, I (want, not) _______________ to live in a cage.
6  Sea water is salty. If the oceans (consist) _______________ of fresh water, there (be)_______________ plenty of water to irrigate all of the deserts in the world to provide an abundant food supply for the entire population of the earth.
7  It is expensive to call across the ocean. However, if transoceanic telephone calls (be)_______________ cheap, I (call) _______________ my family every day and (talk) _______________ for hours.
8  Tom's hobby is collecting stamps from all over the world. If he (travel) _____________to a new country, he (spend, always) ___________   time looking for new stamps. That's how he has acquired such a large collection of valuable stamps.
9  How old (live, human beings) ___________________ to be if all diseases in the world (be) __________________ completely eradicated?
10 If you boil water, it (disappear) ____________________ into the atmosphere as vapor.
11  If people (have) ____________________ paws instead of hands with lingers, the machines we use in every day life (have to) _________________ be constructed very differently. We (be, not) ________________ able to turn knobs, push small buttons, or hold tools or utensils securely.

PRACTICE 3 - SELFSTUDY: Conditional sentences, past time. 
Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. All of the sentences to complete are "contrary to fact."
1  I'm sorry you had to take a cab to the airport. I didn't know you needed a ride. If you (tell) had told_______ me, I (give)    would have given   you a ride gladly.
2  You made a lot of unnecessary mistakes in your composition. If you (use) ___________a dictionary to check your spelling, you (receive) _________________ a better grade.
3  A: Shh! Your father is taking a nap. Oh-oh. You woke him up.
B: Gee, I'm sorry, Mom. If I (realize) _______________ he was sleeping, I (make, not) _______________ so much noise when I came in. But how was I supposed to know?
4  Many people were not satisfied with the leader after he took office. If they (know)  ______________ more about his planned economic programs, they (vote, not)
_______________ for him.
5  Last night Alex ruined his sweater when he washed it. If he (read) ___________ the label, he (wash, not) _______________ it in hot water.
6  A: Ever since I broke my foot, I haven't been able to get down to the basement to wash my clothes. 
B: Why didn't you say something? I (come) _______________ over and (wash) _______________ them for you if you (ask) _______________ me.
A: I know you (come) _______________ right away if I (call)______________ you. I guess I just didn't want to bother you.
B: Nonsense! What are good neighbors for?
7  A: Oh, no! I've lost it! 
B: Lost what?
A: The address for my job interview this afternoon. I wrote it on a match book. 
B: A match book! If you (write) _______________ the address in your appointment
book where it belongs, you (lose, not) ________________ it. When are you going to
get organized?
8. A: Ann, (you, take) _______________ that job if you (know) _____________
that you had to work nights? 
B: No way. I had no idea I'd have to work the late night hours they've had me working.

PRACTICE 4 - SELFSTUDY: Conditional sentences. 
 Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses.
1 If I (have) _______________ wings, I (have to, not) _______________ take an airplane to fly home.
2   This letter has got to be in Chicago in two days. I'm sure if I (send) _______________it today, it will arrive in time.
3  Hundreds of people became ill from eating contaminated meat during the last two weeks. If the government had responded more quickly to the crisis, fewer people (suffer) __________________ food poisoning.
4  (People, be) _______________ able to fly if they (have) _______________ feathers instead of hair?
5   What {we, use) ______________ to look at ourselves when we comb our hair in the morning if we (have, not) _______________ mirrors?
6   A: I don't understand anything in this class. It's boring. And I'm getting a failing grade. 
B: If I (feel) ________________ the way you do about it, I (drop) ____________________ the class as soon as possible.
7  It's been a long drought. It hasn't rained for over a month. If it (rain, not) ____ soon, a lot of crops (die) __. If the crops (die) ____, many people (go) ____ hungry this coming winter.
8  I didn't know the Newtons were going to bring two other people to dinner last night. If anyone else (bring) ______ extra guests, we (have, not) _____ ______ enough seats at the table.
9  If television (invent) ______ in the eighteenth century, George Washington (interview) ______ regularly on the evening news.
10  A: I'm exhausted, and we're no closer to a solution to this problem after nine hours of work. 
B: Why don't you go home and get some sleep, and I'll keep working. If I (discover)_____ a solution before morning, I (call) _________you immediately. I promise.
11   A: I can't believe that you haven't finished that report. What will I use in the committee meeting at noon today? 
B: I'm really sorry. If I (know) _____ you needed it today, I (stay up)_______ all night last night and (finish) _________ it.
12  According to one scientific theory, an asteroid collided with the earth millions of years ago, causing great changes in the earth's climate. Some scientists believe that if this asteroid (collide, not) ______ with the earth, the dinosaurs (become, not) ________ extinct. Can you imagine what the world (be) ______like today if dinosaurs (exist, still) ______? Do you think it (be) _____ possible for dinosaurs and human beings to coexist on the same planet?

PRACTICE  5  - SELFSTUDY: Conditional sentences. 
Directions: Use the given information to make conditional sentences. Use if.
1  I was sick yesterday, so I didn't go to class.
-  If I hadn't been sick yesterday, I would have gone to class.
2   Because Alan never eats breakfast, he always overeats at lunch.
- If Alan ate breakfast, he wouldn'[ overeat at lunch.

3  Peter didn't finish unloading the truck because John didn't help him.
4  Jack was late to his own wedding because his watch was ten minutes slow.
5  I don't ride the bus to work every morning because it's always so crowded.
6  I didn't bring extra money with me because you didn't tell me we were going to dinner after the movie.
7  Sam didn't know that highway 57 was closed, so he didn't take an alternative route.
8  Because I lost my key, I had to pound on the door to wake my roommate when I got home last night.

PRACTICE   6 - GUIDED STUDY: Conditional sentences.
 Directions: Make an "if /clause" from the given information and then supply a "result clause" using your own words.
Example:
I wasn't late to work yesterday.
If I had been late to work yesterday, I would have missed the regular morning meeting.
Tom asked my permission before he took my bicycle.
- If Tom hadn't asked my permission before he took my bicycle, I would have been angry.
1  I wasn't absent from class yesterday.
2  I don't have enough energy today.
3  Ocean water is salty.

PRACTICE  7—SELFSTUDY: Using progressive forms and mixed time in conditional sentences. 
Directions: Using the given information, complete the conditional sentences.
1  It is raining, so we won't finish the game.
- if it    weren't raining____, we     would finish_______ me game.
2  I didn't eat lunch and now I'm hungry.
- If I     had eaten________ lunch, I     wouldn't be______ hungry now.
3  Bob left his wallet at home this morning, and now he doesn't have any money for lunch.
- If Bob ___________________ his wallet at home this morning, he ______________________ some money for lunch now.
4  Carol didn't answer the phone because she was studying.
 Carol __________________ the phone if she ____________ .
5  The sun was shining, so we went to the beach yesterday.
 If the sun __________________, we __________________ to the beach yesterday.
6   Every muscle in my body aches today because I played basketball for three hours last night.  Every muscle in my body __________________ today if I ____________ basketball for three hours last night.
7  Barry stops to shake everyone's hand because he's running for political office.  Barry __________________ to shake everyone's hand if he ___________ for political office.
8  We didn't eat all of the turkey at dinner last night, so we have to have turkey again tonight.
- If we ___________________ all of the turkey at dinner last night, we __________________ turkey again tonight.
9  The music was playing loudly at the restaurant, so I didn't hear everything Mr. Lee said during dinner.
- If the music ______________.____ loudly, I ____________
everything Mr. Lee said during dinner. 10. The library is closing now, so we'll have to leave before finishing our research.
- If the library ___________________ now, we ___________
before finishing our research.

PRACTICE 8 - SELFSTUDY: Using progressive forms and mixed time in conditional sentences. 
Directions: Using the given information, make conditional sentences. Use if.
1  The wind is blowing hard, so I won't take the boat out for a ride.
- If the wind weren't blowing hard, I would take the boat out for a ride.
2  I feel better now because you talked to me about my problems last night.
- I wouldn't feel better now if you hadn't talked to me about my problems last night.
3  Gary carried heavy furniture when he helped Ann move. His back hurts now.
4  Paul is working on two jobs right now, so he doesn't have time to help you with your remodeling.
5  I wasn't working at the restaurant last night. I didn't wait on your table.
6  Because Diane asked questions every time she didn't understand a problem, she has a good understanding of geometry now.
7  A bulldozer was blocking the road, so we didn't arrive on time.
8  She is exhausted today because she didn't get any sleep last night.
9  They weren't paying attention, so they didn't see the sign marking their exit from the highway.
10  The doctor doesn't really care about his patients. He didn't explain the medical procedure to me before surgery.

PRACTICE   9 - SELFSTUDY: Omitting if. 
Directions: Make sentences with the same meaning by omitting if.
1 If you should need more money, go to the bank before six o'clock.
Should you need_____more money, go to the bank before six o'clock.
2  If I were you, I wouldn't do that.
Were I__________ you, I wouldn't do that.
3  If they had realized the danger, they would have done it differently.
Had they realized      the danger, they would have done it differently.
4  IfAlan had tried to explain, I'm sure the professor would have given him another chance. ___________________ to explain, I'm sure the professor would have given him another chance.
5  If anyone should call, would you please take a message?
__________________, would you please take a message?
6  If I were your teacher, I would insist you do better work.
___________________ your teacher, I would insist you do better work.
7  If everyone had arrived on time, none of these problems would have occurred. ________ on time, none of these problems would have occurred.
8  If the post office should close before I get there, I'll mail your package in the morning. __________________ before I get there, I'll mail your package in the morning.
9  If I had not opened the door when I did, I wouldn't have seen you walk by._______ the door when I did, I wouldn't have seen you walk by.
10  If she were just a little older, I would start giving her driving lessons._______ just a little older, I would start giving her driving lessons.
11  If you should change your mind, please let me know immediately._______ your mind, please let me know immediately.
12  She would have gotten the job if she had been better prepared. She would have gotten the job _____better prepared.

PRACTICE   10 - SELFSTUDY: Conditional sentences. 
Directions: Choose the correct completion.
1  If I could speak Spanish, I ___ next year studying in Mexico.
a. would spend      b. would have spent  
c. had spent          d. will spend
2  It would have been a much more serious accident ___ fast at the time. 
a. had she been driving     b. was she driving 
c. she had driven               d. she drove
3  "Can I borrow your car for this evening?"
"Sure, but Nora's using it right now. If she ___ it back in time, you're welcome to borrow it."
a. brought             b. would bring       
c. will bring         d. brings
4  I didn't get home until well after midnight last night. Otherwise, I ___ your call. 
a. returned            b. had returned      
c. would return     d. would have returned
5  If energy ___ inexpensive and unlimited, many things in the world would be different. 
a. is                 b. will be            c. were              d. would be
6  We ___ the game if we'd had a few more minutes.
a. might have won   b. won          c. had won          d. will win
7  I ___ William with me if I had known you and he didn't get along with each other.         
a. hadn't brought                       b. didn't bring   
c. wouldn't have brought          d. won't bring
8  The lecturer last night didn't know what he was talking about, but if Dr. Mason ___, I would have listened carefully.
a. had been lecturing                b. was lecturing   
c. would lecture                       d. lectured
9   If you ___ to my advice in the first place, you wouldn't be in this mess right now. 
a. listen        b. will listen        c. had listened       d. listened
10  ___ interested in that subject, I would try to learn more about it.
a. Were I           b. Should I          c. I was            d. If I am
11  If I ___ the same problems you had as a child, I might not have succeeded in life as well as you have. 
a. have       b. would have        c. had had            d. should have
12  I ___ you sooner had someone told me you were in the hospital. 
a. would have visited     b. visited    c. had visited        d. visit
13   ___ more help, I could call my neighbor.
 a. Needed                          b. Should I need  
 c. I have needed                d. I should need
14  ___ then what I know today, I would have saved myself a lot of time and trouble over the years. 
a. Had I known                   b. Did I know  
c. If I know                        d. If I would know
15  Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people ___ the same language? 
a. spoke         b. speak          c. had spoken        d. will speak

16. If you can give me one good reason for your acting like this, ___ this incident again. 
a. I will never mention       b. I never mention  
c.  will I never mention      d. I don't mention
17  I didn't know you were asleep. Otherwise, I ___ so much noise when I came in. 
a.  didn't make                   b. wouldn't have made
c. won't make                    d. don't make
18  Unless you ___ all of my questions, I can't do anything to help you.
a. answered   b. answer   c. would answer     d. are answering
19   Had you told me that this was going to happen, I ___ it.
a. would never have believed    b. don't believe 
c. hadn't believed                        d. can't believe
20   If Jake ___ to go on the trip, would you have gone?
a. doesn't agree                           b. didn't agree  
c. hadn't agreed                          d. wouldn't agree

PRACTICE   11 - SELFSTUDY: Using wish. 
Directions: Using the information in parentheses, complete the sentences.
1	(The sun isn't shining.) I wish the sun     were shining____right now.
2	(I wanted you to go.) I wish you      had gone______with us to the concert last night.
3	(John didn't drive.) I wish John _______________ to work. I'd ask him for a ride home.
4	(I can't swim.) I wish I __ so that I would feel safe in a boat.
5	(I want you to stop fighting.) I wish you _______________ fighting and try to work things out.
6	(I wanted to win.) I wish we _________ the game last night.
7	(Bill didn't get the promotion.) I wish Bill _______________ the promotion. He feels bad.
8	(I quit my job.) I wish I _____________my job until I'd found another one.
9	(It isn't winter.) I wish it ___ winter so that I could go skiing.
10	(I want Al to sing.) I wish Al _________ a couple of songs. He has a good voice.
11	(Diane can't bring her children.) I wish Diane _______________ her children with her tomorrow. They would be good company for mine.
12	(No one offered to help.) I wish someone _______________ to help us find our way when we got lost in the middle of the city.

PRACTICE   12 - SELFSTUDY: As if/as though. 
Directions: Using the information in parentheses, complete the sentences.
1	Tim acts as if he     were______ the boss. (Tim isn't the boss.)
2	This hole in my shirt looks as if it  had been made   by a bullet. (The hole wasn't made by a bullet.)
3	Barbara looked at me as though she _______ never ____________ me before. (She has met me many times before.)
4   They treat their dog as if it ____________ a child. (The dog isn't a child.)
5	She went right on talking as though she _____ a word I'd said. (She heard everything I said.)
6	You look so depressed. You look as if you _______ a friend in the world. (You have many friends.)
7	He looked right through me as if I ____________. (I exist.)
8	8. Craig bumped the other car and then continued as though nothing ____________. (Something happened.)
9	 A: Have Joe and Diane ever met? B: I don't think so. Why? A: He came in and started talking to her as if they ____________ old friends. (They aren't old friends.)
10	 I can hear his voice so clearly that it's as if he ____________ here in this room. (He isn't here in this room; he's next door.)
11	 It was so quiet that it seemed as if the earth ____________. (The earth didn't stop.)
12	 I turned, and there she was. It was as though she ________ out of nowhere. (She didn't appear out of nowhere.)

PRACTICE  TEST A - SELFSTUDY: Conditional sentences.
Directions: Choose the correct answer.
Example:
If I ___ you, I would get some rest before the game tomorrow.
    A. am          B. could be            C. were               D. had been
1  When I stopped talking, Sam finished my sentence for me as though he ___ my mind. 
  A. would read  B. had read          C. reads             D. can read
2  If you ___, I would have brought my friends over to your house this evening to watch TV, but I didn't want to bother you.
  A. had studied                             B. studied         
  C. hadn't been studying               D. didn't study
3  I wish I ___ you some money for your rent, but I'm broke myself.
A. can lend     B. would lend     C. could lend       D. will lend
4  If someone ___ into the store, smile and say, "May I help you?"
  A. comes      B. came        C. would come      D. could come
5  "Are we lost?"
"I think so. I wish we ___ a map with us today."
  A. were bringing  B. brought   C. had brought  D. would bring
6  "Here's my phone number."
"Thanks. I'll give you a call if I ___ some help tomorrow."
   A. will need    B. need        C. would need       D. needed
7  If I weren't working for an accounting firm, I ___ in a bank.
  A. work  B. will work  C. have worked   D. would be working
8   Ed invested a lot of money with a dishonest advisor, and lost nearly all of it. Now he is having serious financial problems. He ___ in this position if he had listened to some of his friends. 
A. will be      B. wouldn't be      C. will be        D. hadn't been
9  The world ___ a better place if we had known a hundred years ago what we know today about the earth's environment.
  A. will be      B. was               C. should be         D. might be
10  The medicine made me feel dizzy. I felt as though the room ___ around and around. 
A. were spinning   B. will spin  C. spins  D. would be spinning
11  "I'm really sorry about what happened during the meeting. I felt I had no choice." "It's okay. I'm sure you wouldn't have done it if you ___." 
A. should have      B. had to     C. hadn't had to       D. have to
12  ___ you, I'd think twice about that decision. It could be a bad move. 
A. If I had been         B. Were I       C. Should I be     D. If I am
13  "Was Pam seriously injured in the automobile accident?"
"She broke her arm. It ___ much worse if she hadn't been wearing her seat belt." 
 A. will be     B. would have been      C. was         D. were
14  If my candidate had won the election^ I ___ happy now.
   A. am         B. would be         C. was              D. can be
15  I wish Janet ___ to the meeting this afternoon.
  A. came     B. will come     C. can come      D. could come
	16  I ___ you to the woman I was speaking with, but I couldn't think of her name. 
   A.   will introduce                 B. would introduce 
   C. would have introduced     D. couldn't have introduced
17  "What___today if you hadn't come here this weekend?" "I guess I'd be putting in extra hours at my office."
  A. did you do                         B. can you do 
  C. will you be doing              D. would you be doing
18  Page 12 of the manual that came with the appliance says, "___ any problem with the merchandise, contact your local dealer."
      A. You should have          B. Do you have  
      C. Had you have               D. Should you have
19  Marge walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she ___ something she would regret later.
A. will say        B. said      C. might say      D. might have said
20  I would never have encouraged you to go into this field ___ it would be so stressful for you. I'm sorry it's been so difficult for you.
      A. had I known                 B. and I had known   
      C. should I know               D. but I knew

PRACTICE   13 - SELFSTUDY: Conditional sentences. 
Directions: Choose the correct completion.
1  If I could speak Spanish, I ___ next year studying in Mexico.
A. would spend                               B. would have spent  
C. had spent                                    D. will spend
2  It would have been a much more serious accident ___ fast at the time.  
A. had she been driving                    B. was she driving 
C. she had driven                              D. she drove
3  "Can I borrow your car for this evening?"
"Sure, but Nora's using it right now. If she ___ it back in time, you're welcome to borrow it." 
A. brought                                    B. would bring       
C. will bring                                 D. brings
4  I didn't get home until well after midnight last night. Otherwise, I ___ your call. 
A. returned                                   B. had returned 
C. would return                            D. would have returned
5  If energy ___ inexpensive and unlimited, many things in the world would be different. 
A. is          B. will be            C. were              D. would be
6  We ___ the game if we'd had a few more minutes.
A. might have won                       B. won             
C. had won                                   D. will win
7  I ___ William with me if I had known you and he didn't get along with each other. 
A. hadn't brought                          B. didn't bring 
C. wouldn't have brought             D. won't bring
8   The lecturer last night didn't know what he was talking about, but if Dr. Mason ___, I would have listened carefully.
A. had been lecturing                    B. was lecturing
 C. would lecture                           D. lectured
9  If you ___ to my advice in the first place, you wouldn't be in this mess right now. 
A. listen                                         B. will listen          
C. had listened                               D. listened
10  ___ interested in that subject, I would try to learn more about it.
A. Were I        B. Should I        C. I was          D. If I am
11  If I ___ the same problems you had as a child, I might not have succeeded in life as well as you have. 
A. have                                       B. would have        
C. had had                                  D. should have
12  I ___ you sooner had someone told me you were in the hospital. 
A. would have visited                B. visited 
C. had visited                             D. visit
13  ___ more help, I could call my neighbor.
A. Needed                                  B. Should I need    
C. I have needed                        D. I should need
14  ___ then what I know today, I would have saved myself a lot of time and trouble over the years. 
A. Had I known                        B. Did I know       
C. If I know                              D. If I would know
15  Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people ___ the same language?
 A. spoke       B. speak        C. had spoken        D. will speak
16   If you can give me one good reason for your acting like this, ___ this incident again. 
A. I will never mention             B. I never mention
C. will I never mention              D. I don't mention
17  I didn't know you were asleep. Otherwise, I ___ so much noise when I came in. 
A. didn't make                           B. wouldn't have made 
C. won't make                           D. don't make
18  Unless you ___ all of my questions, I can't do anything to help you.
A. answered                               B. answer    
C. would answer                        D. are answering
19  Had you told me that this was going to happen, I ___ it.
A. would never have believed     B. don't believe
C. hadn't believed                        D. can't believe

20  If Jake ___ to go on the trip, would you have gone?
A. doesn't agree                           B. didn't agree 
C. hadn't agreed                           D. wouldn't agree

PRACTICE   14 - GUIDED STUDY: Expressing conditions. 
Directions: Using the given information, make conditional sentences using "if clauses." Make two or more conditional sentences about each of the situations described below.
Example: Jan is working for a law firm, but she has been trying to find a different job for a long time. She doesn't like her job at the law firm. Recently she was offered a job with a computer company closer to her home. She wanted to accept it, but the salary was too low.
If Jan liked her job at the law firm, she wouldn't be trying to find a different job.
Jan would have accepted the job at the computer company if the salary hadn't been too low.
1  Jim: Why don't we go to the ball game after work today? Ron: I'd like to but I can't. Jim: Why not?
Ron: I have a dinner meeting with a client. Jim: Well, maybe some other time.
2  Tommy had a pet mouse. He took it to school. His friend. Jimmy, took the mouse and put it in the teacher's desk drawer. When the teacher found the mouse, she jumped in surprise and tried to kill it with a book. Tommy ran to the front of the room and saved his pet mouse. Tommy got into a lot of trouble with his teacher.
3   My brother and I rented a truck and loaded up all of my furniture to move across town. I was driving the truck. When I heard something crashing around in the back, I turned around and, at that moment, went through a red light and crashed into a police car. Repairs to the truck and police car, the fine for breaking the law, and the damage to the furniture all cost a lot of money. In short, it would have been a lot less expensive to hire professional movers to take everything to the new house.
4  My ax was broken, and I wanted to borrow my neighbor's so that I could chop some wood. Then I remembered that I had already borrowed his saw and never returned it. I have since lost the saw, and I'm too embarrassed to tell him. Because of that, I decided not to ask him for his ax.

PRACTICE  15 - SELFSTUDY: Using wish. 
Directions: Using the information in parentheses, complete the sentences.
1	1. (The sun isn't shining.) I wish the sun     were shining____right now.
2	2. (I wanted you to go.) I wish you      had gone______with us to the concert last night.
3	John didn't drive.) I wish John _______________ to work. I'd ask him for a ride home.
4	(I can't swim.) I wish I _______________ so that I would feel safe in a boat.
5	(I want you to stop fighting.) I wish you _______________ fighting and try to work things out.
6	(I wanted to win.) I wish we _______________ the game last night.
7	(Bill didn't get the promotion.) I wish Bill _______________ the promotion. He feels bad.
8	(I quit my job.) I wish I _______________ my job until I'd found another one.
9	(It isn't winter.) I wish it _______________ winter so that I could go skiing.
10	(I want Al to sing.) I wish Al _______________ a couple of songs. He has a good voice.
11	(Diane can't bring her children.) I wish Diane _______________ her children with her tomorrow. They would be good company for mine.
12	(No one offered to help.) I wish someone _______________ to help us find our way when we got lost in the middle of the city.

PRACTICE   16-SELFSTUDY: Using wish. 
Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses.
1  Tom's in trouble with the teacher. Now he wishes he (miss, not)     had not missed class three times this week.
2   A: It's raining. I wish it (stop)      would Stop______.
B: Me too. I wish the sun (shine)     were shining_____ so that we could go swimming.
3 A: Alice doesn't like her job as a nurse. She wishes she (go, not) _______________ to nursing school. 
B: Really? What does she wish she (study) _______________ instead of nursing?
4  I wish I (move, not) _______________ to this town. I can't seem to make any friends, and everything is so congested. I wish I (take) _______________ the job. I was offered in the small town near here.               
5 I know I should quit smoking. I wish you (stop) _______________ nagging me about it.
6   A: Did you get your car back from the garage?                
B:Yes, and it still isn't fixed. I wish I (pay, not) _______________ them in full when I picked up the car. I should have waited to be sure that everything was all right.
7  A: I wish you (hurry) _______________! We're going to be late.
B: I wish you (relax) _______________. We've got plenty of time.
8  I wish you (invite, not) _______________ the neighbors over for dinner when you talked to them this afternoon. I don't feel like cooking a big dinner.
9  A: I know that something's bothering you. I wish you (tell)_______________me what it is. Maybe I can help you.
B: I appreciate it, but I can't discuss it now.                                           
10 A: My feet are killing me! I wish I (wear) _________________ more comfortable shoes. 
B: Yeah, me too. I wish I (realize) _______________ that we were going to have to walk this much.                                                              
11  A: How do you like the new president of our association?
B: Not much. I wish he (elect, not) _________________. I never should have voted for him.                                                                      
A: Oh, really? Then you probably wish I (vote, not) _______________ for him. If you recall, he won by only one vote. You and I could have changed the outcome of the  election if we'd known then what we know now.                                
12  A: I wish we (buy) __________________ everything we wanted all the time.   
B: In that case, you probably wish money (grow) ________________ on trees. We'd plant some in the back yard, and just go out and pick a little from the branches every morning.
13  A: My thirteen-year-old daughter wishes she (be, not) __________________ so tall and wishes her hair (be) _______________ black and straight.
B: Really? My daughter wishes she (be) _________________ taller and that her hair (be) ___________________ blond and curly.
14. A: I wish most world leaders (meet) _______________ in the near future and reach some agreement on environmental issues. I'm worried the earth is running out of time. 
B: I wish I (disagree) ____________________ with you and (prove) ___________ your fears groundless, but I'm afraid you might be right.

P A R T     3 - a

Conditional 1 - TASKS  
Task one
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form for the type of conditional indicated in brackets. Some examples have been written for you.
Examples:
If you (have) a computer, you (can produce) beautiful handouts. (Impossible)
If you HAD a computer  , уоu   COULD HAVE PRODUCED beautiful handouts. or 
If  уоu HAD HAD a computer, you COULD HAVE  PRODUCED beautiful handouts.
If the money (arrive), we (can  arrange) the holiday. (Possible)
If the money  arrives, we саn arrange the holiday.
(a) If the treaty (be) signed, we (will get rid of) the bombs. (Impossible)
(b) If the workers (go) on strike now, they (will lose) a lot of money. (Impossible)
(c) If I (learn) to read and write, I (would be) a rich businessman by now. (Impossible)
(d) If the sails of the ship (be) black, that (will mean) we've lost the battle. (Possible)
(e) If they (cut) taxes next year, we (will buy) a new car. (Possible)
(f) If you (receive) information about retirement schemes, you (should ask) several cautious questions. (Possible)
(g) If she (wake) early, she (would be) on the plane that crashed. (Impossible)            |
 (h) If you (hear) a rapid series of bleeps, it (mean) the line is engaged. (Possible)
 (i) If they (not hear) the bell, they (drown). (Possible) 
 (k) I (have) a cup of tea, if you (make) some. (Possible)

Task two                                                   
Make complete sentences from the ideas below. The section in bold type is the condition. State whether you have made a possible or impossible condition. An example has been written for you.
Example:
/give - Ј10/clothe - starving child/                                                      
If you give  £10 , that will clothe a starving child .    Possible
(a) /not sell - house/not have to - pay commission/
(b) /invest  Ј1,000  in 1974/worth Ј20,000 today/  
(c) /start  early/see  wonderful sunrise/                  
(d) /Jane  stay on/be  Director of Studies - now/                           
(e) /believe that/believe anything/  
(f) /cassettes - only - return/postage - not enclose/            
(g) /awards - withhold/sufficiently high standards - not attain/                       
(h) /you - successful - second-stage/join - semi-final/ 
(j) /receive form — before 26 March/we - send - special free gift
(k) /not contact - us tomorrow/contact you - day after
                       
                CONDITIONAL   2  : possible
If he arrives at the office late, everyone knows it’s going to be a difficult day.
If he wins there, he stands a good chance of being selected.
If she agrees, they can go ahead from next week.
The possible conditional expresses a 'real' possibility that an action or event could occur in the present or in the future, or could have occurred in the past. There are three main types of possible conditional.

1  Present and past habit
Look at these examples:
-	If he arrives at the office late, everyone knows it's going to be a difficult day. 
-	If she saw even the smallest fly trapped in a jar, she would be upset.
Here if can be replaced by whenever. It indicates a habit or continually repeated situation that may occur at any time, or that used to occur regularly in the past.

2  Deductions
Look at these examples:
-	If he wins today, he stands a good chance of being selected. 
-	If the rains don't come again this year, then the country will not have enough water. 
-	If it rains next month, there should be enough water to last until the monsoon comes. 
-	If you wanted to control your finances, you'd welcome a Home-owners Loan plan.
Here the speaker is making a deduction about future possibilities or attitudes. Both the Present and Past tenses may be used. The use of the Past, however, usually reflects a greater uncertainty.

 3  Future possibilities
Look at these examples:
      -  If two more people join, we can run the course. 
      -  If two more people joined, we could run the course.
      - If you're thinking of buying your first home, send for your free Home-buying     kit.
     -  If you undercharge, you could quickly go out of  business.
Here the speaker is talking about possible events or actions in the future. Once again, the use of the Past tense shows the speaker is less certain.

Alternative form
The conditional is not always expressed through the use of an if clause, but may be shown through the use of inversion  or with the Imperative and a co-ordinating clause. For example:
      - Start a savings account now and we'll give you Ј50.
(If you start a savings account now, we'll give you Ј50.)
     - Don't undercharge or you could quickly go out of business. (If you undercharge, you could quickly go out of business.)

CONDITIONAL  2  -  TASKS
Task one
Indicate the type of possible conditional exemplified in the sentences below. Put the number of the sentence in the appropriate column in the following chart.
(a) If he goes out on a cold day, he often wears a knitted white scarf.
(b) If he wrote to his nephew, he always enclosed some money.
(c) If she posts it today, you will get it by Saturday.
(d) If income tax is reduced, the government could win the next election.
(e) If Brownlow is made Minister for Transport, we can expect a lot of changes in the law.
(f) If it snows, then we won't go to Manchester.
(g) If you've got some money to invest, contact Chapman's for advice. 
(h) If you buy that painting, you'll be making a good investment.

Past habit
	Present habit
	Deduction

	Future
Possibilities		

	

Task two
All the sentences below may be considered possible conditionals. Rewrite them, using another form for expressing this conditional. Some examples have been written for you.
Example:
Read The Guardian and get the best financial advice.

Alternative:
     - If  you read the Guardian, you  will get the best financial advice.
(a)	Keep the lights on all night and burglars will know you're not at home. 
(b)     If the price of that house gets any higher, I won't be able to afford it.
(c)    Go, and I won't ask you again.
(d)   Were he to arrive after dark, he might not find the house easily.
(e)   We must leave now or we'll be late.
(f)    If you bother him now, he'll forget the time he started cooking the meat.
(g)   Should you see Sally, give her my love.
(h)   Read that paper tonight, or you'll fail the exam.
(j)    If you elect me, I shall bring about changes in the social welfare system.
(k)   Return this form within seven days, and you'll get a free gift.

Task three
Imagine that you are organising a party with two friends.
(a) Make a list of ten people you want to invite;
(b) Against each guest, note something about their character. For example:
Jonathan - argumentative; noisy eater; drinks a lot;
Mrs Robin - quiet old lady; doesn't like drinking.
(c) Decide how you arrange them around the table, so that most of the guests will be happy with their companions. 
Some examples have been written for you.
Example:
       - If we put Mary next to Patricia they'll certainly quarrel.
      - Sit David next to Ann and they'll dominate the evening.
      - You can’t sit Mrs Robin next to Jonathan  , he’ll  upset her.

               CONDITIONAL  3 : impossible
If you had a video, you could record it yourself.
If my father were alive, he would have been 90 last birthday.
If the car had started, I would have been on time
.
The impossible conditional expresses an imagined situation which could not occur or did not occur. There are three types of impossible conditional.
1  Impossible now (or improbable future)
Look at these examples:
(a) If you had video, you could record it yourself tonight. (But you haven't got a video, so you won't be able to.)
(b) If she had the time, she would do it. (But she hasn't got the time.)
(c) If my father were alive, he'd be 90 now. (But he's dead, so he isn't.)

2  Non-existent past (referring to the present)
Look at these examples:
(a) If you had a video, you could have recorded it yourself last night. (But you haven't, so you weren't able to do it.)
(b) If my father were alive, he would have been 90 last birthday.
(But he's dead, so he wasn't.)
Compare the different tenses used in l(a) and 2(a); and also the tenses used in l(c) and 2(b).

3  Non-existent past (referring to the past)
Look at these examples:
(a) If you had had a video, you could have recorded it yourself last night. (But you didn't, so you didn't record the programme.)
(b) if the car had started, I would have been on time. (But the car didn't start.)
(c) If it had rained, the performance would have been cancelled.
(But it didn't rain.)
In all these examples we are looking at events or situations which cannot occur or didn't occur.

WARNING BOX
With the past form of the verb to be, were is sometimes used instead of was in the if clause. The form were is considered more correct grammatically, but was is frequently used in less formal situations. For example:
If he were here now ... or   if he was here now . . .
If I were rich . . . or   if  I  was rich . . . In the fixed phrase  If  I  were you, the use of  was is not acceptable.
In the inversion alternative form, only were is acceptable.
With the impossible conditional, the only acceptable alternative form is the inversion
For example:
Were my father alive, he would be 90 now. Had you had a video, you could have recorded it yourself last night.

CONDITIONAL   3 - TASKS
Task one
Read through the sentences below and identify which type of impossible conditional they exemplify.
Indicate your choice in the following chart. The first one has been done for you.
(a) If you hadn't read the instructions carefully, you could have made a lot of mistakes.
(b) If they had really been to the Gambia, they would know that the people speak English and
not French.
(c) If the university had been open that day, there wouldn't have been the trouble with the
Italian students.
(d) If I was going to London by car, I could take the package with me.
(e) If the corner shop were open, I could buy some bread right now.
(f) If I'd got the right lottery number, I'd be a rich man by now.
(g) If the film had been here last week, I could have seen it.
(h) I'd be drinking tea by the Spanish Steps if I were in Rome at this moment.
(j) There'd be no droughts anywhere, if it rained like this in Africa.
(k) If the government had supported the pay award for the miners, it wouldn't have been defeated.

Impossible now or-Improbable future
	Non-existent past
(present reference)
	Non-existent past
(past reference)	

	(a.)

Task two
There are several things John wants to do, but can't. From the information given below, express these, in  terms of the impossible conditional. Use both forms. An example has been written for you.
Example:
He wants to record the television pop concert, but he hasn't got a video.

Conditional:
If he had a video, he could record the television pop  concert.
Had he a video, he could record the television pop concert.
a) He wants to drive to Edinburgh, but he s got to see his mother in London.
d) He needs to buy some new shirts , but he hasn t got any money.
c) He wants to attend the dance class, but it s full.
d) He d like to go skating on the river, but the ice has melted.
e) He wants to study at the University, but he failed his exams.

TASK THREE
Mary is very old now.  Looking back on her life, there are many things she regrets she didn t do. From the information given below make impossible conditional about the past. Use both forms. An example has been written for you.
She wanted to be an explorer, but she didn t keep fit and do any exercise.

Conditional:
If she had kept fit and done some exercise , she could have been an  explorer. Had she kept fit and done some exercise, she could have been an explorer.
(a) She thought of being a writer, but she wasn't very good with words.
(b) She planned to buy a large house in London, but didn't save hard enough.
(c) She wanted to be the Prime Minister, but she wasn't seriously interested in politics.
(d) She tried to be a pilot, but they wanted only men in those days.
(e) She imagined being a trapeze artist, but she didn't like heights.

Task four
Imagine you have just lost a game. (Choose your favourite game - it can be a team game such as
football or a board game such as chess.) You are thinking about all the things that went wrong and what should have been done. Write down as many sentences as you can, using the impossible conditional. Some examples have been written for you.
Example:
If he had passed the ball to Roberts, Roberts would have scored.
If she hadn t taken my knight then, I would have got her queen and bishop.

CONDITIONAL  4 : unless
Stamford will be dropped from the team, unless he improves his performance. She always comes, unless she's ill.
Unless is known as the negative conditional. It stands in place of except if/except on condition that.
Look at these examples:
Stamford will be dropped from the team, unless he improves his performance.
(The only way Stamford can stay in the team is to improve his performance. He's playing
very badly at the moment.)
She always comes, unless she's ill.
(The only reason she wouldn't come would be if she were ill.)
It is used only for possible conditionals.   For example:
The government will sue, if the book isn't withdrawn. (Possible) The government will sue, unless the book is withdrawn.
With the impossible conditional, we must use if ... not.... For example:
The government would have sued, if the book hadn't been withdrawn. (Impossible)
The version with unless is unacceptable. For example:
"The government would have sued, unless the book had been withdrawn

Alternative form
As with other conditionals, there are alternative ways of expressing the unless form.
Look at these examples:
Stamford should improve, otherwise/or he will be dropped. (Unless Stamford improves, he'll be dropped.) The book must be withdrawn, otherwise/or the government will sue. Withdraw the book otherwise/or the government will sue. (Unless the book is withdrawn, the government will sue.)
Note from the examples above that in the alternative forms, the obligation is stressed by the use of should, must or the imperative form in the clause originally governed by unless.

Task one
Rewrite the following sentences, using unless or otherwise/or. Some examples have been written for you.
Examples:
Fulham football team must improve, or they'll be at the bottom.
Rewrite:
Unless Fulhlam  football team improves, they  ll be at the bottom.
Unless you get a television licence, you'll be fined Ј500. 
Rewrite: 
Уои must get a television licence or  otherwise you  ll be fined   500
(a) You should wait until next week to change your money, otherwise you'll lose on the exchange rate.
(b) You must take that book back to the library, or you'll have to pay a heavy fine.

(c) Unless the candidate gets 75%, she doesn't stand a chance of being admitted to the course.
(d) Unless they hurry, we'll miss the train.
(e) Drive more slowly, or you'll have an accident.
(f) Unless you order that magazine, you can never get it. It's so popular.
(g) Unless you have a lot of money, you shouldn't think of living in London. 
(h) Start early, or you'll get held up in the traffic. 
(j) He must attend the next meeting, otherwise they'll ask him to resign. 
(k) How can you hope to get better, unless you do what the doctor tells you?

Task two
In the left hand column of the chart over the page are listed John's dreams for the future. In the right hand column, there are the difficulties he has to face. Put the information from the two columns together in one sentence. The first has been done for you as an example.
Example:
John won t be a world –famous film –star, unless he goes to Hollywood
John must go to Hollywood, otherwise  or he won t be a world –famous film –star.

John's dreams
	Difficulties	
Example:
		
be a world-famous filmstar
	go to Hollywood

(a) see the Prime Minister
	Private Secretary agrees
	
(b) go to the theatre
	wife book tickets
	
(c) fly in Concorde
	win a lot of money
	
(d) become very rich
	successful songwriter
	
(e) buy a house
	borrow some money
	
(f) go to the moon
	do a lot of hard training
	
(g) race at Le Mans
	find a sponsor
	
(h) be chairman of his company
	get support from the committee
	
(j) travel round the world
	build a strong boat
	
(k) be a sailor
	learn to swim

Task three
(a) With a friend, think of a sports club or social club that you would like to form.
(b) Set down the conditions of membership of the club.
(c) Write these conditions down using unless or its alternative forms. An example has been written for you.
Example:
Yои can't join this club, unless you are. over 18 years of age.

CONDITIONAL  5  :  wishing
I wish I were at home now. 
If only they would sign the treaty soon.
 I wish I had bought that coat after all. 
If only he had said so at the time.

Wishing is very close to expressing a condition. There is often a second part to a wish, which is either spoken or unspoken. For example:
I wish I were at home now, then I could have something refreshing to drink. This could be rewritten as a conditional sentence:
If I were at home now, I could have something refreshing to drink.
The difference is that the conditional is neutral and doesn't express the stronger 'wish'. With wishing there is a feeling of regret for something.
When you wish, the situation is impossible. For example, when you say, I wish I had bought that coat after all, the reality is that you didn't buy the coat. But there is the sense of regret that you didn't buy it.
Wishing can be expressed through either the verb to wish or the conditional reference if only. They both express the sense of regret for something that is not, will not be or was not.
The sentence structure to express wishing is similar to that expressing the impossible or hypothetical conditional.  The act of wishing is normally in the present, but the impossibility of the wish is expressed by the use of Past tenses.
There are three types of wishing:

1  Impossible now

I wish 
If only
	I was at home now.
I lived by the sea. 
I could paint like that. 
they didn't ask so many  questions
she wasn't so poor.
.

In this group, the wish is a regret for a situation that is present. This is expressed in the second part of the structure with the Past Simple. Could here is the Past form of can 

2	Improbable future

I wish 
If only
	they would sign the treaty soon.
the  sun would shine.
she wouldn’t always argue.
sun would shine.
 wouldn't always argue.
 make up his mind. 
were coming here tomorrow.

Here the wisher is regretting something that will or will not happen, or something that continually happens. The wish is expressed through the use of would or could or the Past Continuous.

3  Non-existent past

I wish
 If only
	I had bought that coat after all.
he had said so at the time. 
that the shop hadn't closed.. 
they hadn't driven so fast.
there'd been some good dance.

In this case, the wish is a regret for something that has already taken place, and is expressed through the use of the Past Perfect.

CONDITIONAL   5 - TASKS
Task one
Identify to which group the following expressions of wishing belong: impossible now, improbable future or non-existent past.
(a) She wishes she hadn't married him.
(b) They wish they were going to Australia with them.
(c) I only wish I had just a little bit more money.
(d) If only she'd seen that dangerous corner sooner.
(e) If only they would arrive on time.
(f) If only I'd posted it on Tuesday instead of on Wednesday.
(g) If only Caesar hadn't gone to the Forum on 15 March. (h) I wish India wasn't so far from England. (j) She wishes she was going to see the Queen. (k) I wish I'd written that.

Task two
Example:
I wish I had аи elephant. Then I could travel through the jungle.

Task three
(a) Think of someone progressing through a career and write down all the things s/he has done to be successful in that career.
(b) Consider someone who is retiring and hasn't been successful. Make a list of the things s/he wishes had or had not happened. Some examples have been written for you.

Example:
I wish I had passed that exam.   I wish I hadn’t  taken that job.

P A R T  3 -  b

Task  one  
if-clauses types 1 and 2
Hilary Lester works for an organization called Food for the Third World. She's talking on television about the situation in Omagua. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, or use will or would or their short forms.
Interviewer Miss Lester, what is the situation in Omagua?
Hilary Well, it's very bad. Thousands of people have died, and thousands more (die) soon if they (not get)  help. The people have very little food or water. And if we (not do) something soon, things (get) much worse. There will simply be nothing left to eat.
Interviewer Is the British government doing anything to help? If they (send) food, that (help) to save lives, wouldn't it? After all, Omagua was once a British colony.
Hilary Yes, indeed. And the country is very poor, of course. But our government refuses to do anything quickly. They say they need time to find out about the problem. But we haven't got any time. It (be) too late if they (not do) something soon.
Interviewer Well, it doesn't look as if Omagua is going to get any help for the moment. So what next? What (happen) if the country (not get) enough food or
enough money to buy food? 
Hilary Well, if our government (not be) willing to help, we (have to) ask people to send us money. In fact, we're asking them now.
Interviewer How much are you asking people to give?
Hilary We're asking them just to send what they can.Even small amounts will be welcome. We (be) very grateful if people (send) what they can afford. After all,
if everyone in the country (give) just 10p, we (have) a lot of money, wouldn't we? I'm sure if people (know) exactly what things were like in Omagua, they (want) Interviewer And are you hopeful that people will send money?
Hilary Oh, yes. If people (hear) about the problem, as they're doing now, then they (help), I'm sure. They always have done before.
Interviewer Is there still time to get food and money to the people who need it, Miss Lester?
Hilary Oh, yes. We'll put the money to good use immediately. If people (post) money to us tomorrow, the food (be) in Omagua by the end of the week.
Interviewer Well, it's certainly a good thing that you're able to help the Omaguans. If your organization (not exist), things (be) much less hopeful.
Now, can you tell us the address where people should send money?...
Activity Graham and Miranda are on holiday in East Africa. They're in a safari park, and their car has run out of petrol. They're three miles from the nearest filling station, which is just outside the park. They've got a petrol can. There are no other cars in sight. It is very hot, and they have no water. There are lions in the safari park, although they can't see any at the moment.
Discuss possible answers to their problem using if-clauses.

Task two
if-clause type 3              
Below is the story of what happened when four people went on a long walk last week. Read the story and rewrite the underlined parts using if-clauses type 3.
Examples
If it hadn 't rained most of the morning, it would have been a pleasant walk.
They wouldn't have decided to go if the forecast had been bad.
Last Saturday Trevor, Alison, Gary and Emma went on a twenty-mile walk over the Norland Hills. Trevor likes walking, and it was his idea. They walked from Oscroft at the eastern end of the hills to Raveley in the west. The day didn't go at all as planned. It rained most of the morning, so it wasn't a very pleasant walk. The weather is often wet in the Norland Hills, in fact. But they decided to go because the forecast wasn't bad. Trevor and Alison wore their anoraks, but Gary and Emma got wet because they didn't have their anoraks. The four friends had other problems too. They forgot to bring a map, and they lost the way. They wanted to stop for lunch in the village of Rydale. They finally got there at two o'clock. They were late because they didn't go the right way. They had planned to eat at the cafe in Rydale, but they weren't able to eat there because the cafe was closed for the day. It was very annoying. They didn't have any food with them, so they were hungry. But the weather was better by this time, and they decided to go on to Raveley. Five miles further on Alison had an accident. She fell and hurt her leg. So they had to go more slowly after that. They lost even more time. They missed their bus home because they got to Raveley so late. There wasn't any other transport, so they rang their friend Adam. Luckily he was at home, so he was
able to come and fetch them in his car. They were glad to get home.

ACTIVITY

Нere is part of a newspaper report about a motorway accident. Read it and then write three or four sentences about the accident using if-clauses type 3. You can use your own words as well as the words in the report.

30 DIE IN COACH DISASTER
There was a terrible accident on the motorway near Gondolfo last night when a coach overturned and caught fire. Thirty people died, all of them British. There were only four survivors , who managed to get out through a broken window. Luckily the motorway was quiet and no other vehicle was involved in the crash. The coach, owned by Gladway Tours of London, was on its way to Athens. According to the survivors, the driver had been at the wheel of the coach for fourteen hours and had probably fallen asleep. The coach  left London two hours late, and  the driver was

KEYS

PART  2  

PRACTICE 1
1. a. yes, b. no;   2. a. no, b. yes, c. no;   3. a. yes, b. no, c. yes;

4. a. yes, b. no, c. no;   5. a. no, b. yes;   6. a. no, b. yes;  

7. a. yes, b. no;   8. a. yes, b. no;   9. a. no, b. no, c. yes

PRACTICE 2
1.  were ... would take   2. floats/will float   3. were ... would not exist   4. doesn't arrive   5. were ... wouldn't want   6. consisted... would be   7.  were... would call... (would) talk   8. travels ... always spends   9. would human beings live ... were   10. disappears/will disappear   11. had... would have to... would not be

PRACTICE   3
1. had told... would have given   2. had used ... would have received   3. had i realized... wouldn't have made   4. had known ... wouldn't have voted   5. had read ... wouldn't have washed   6. В: would have come ... (would have) washed... had asked ... A: would have come ... had called   7. had written ... wouldn't have lost   8. would you have taken... had known

PRACTICE 4 
1. had... wouldn't have to   2. send   3. would have suffered   4. Would people be ... had   5. would we use ... didn't have (possible: hadn't)   6. felt... would drop   7. doesn't rain ... will die ... die ... will go    8. had brought... would not have had
9. had been invented ... would have been interviewed   10. discover.. .will call   11. had known... would have stayed up ... (would have) finished   12. had not collided... would not have become ... would be ... still existed... would be

PRACTICE  5
1. If I hadn't been sick yesterday, I would have gone to class.   2. If Alan ate breakfast, he wouldn't overeat at lunch.   3. Peter would have finished unloading the truck if John had - helped him.   4. Jack wouldn't have been late to his own wedding if his watch hadn't been ten minutes slow.   5. I would ride the bus to work every morning if it weren't always so crowded.   6. I would have brought extra money with me if you had told me we were going to dinner after the movie.   7. If Sam had known that highway 57 was closed, he would have taken an alternative route.   8. If I hadn't lost my key, I wouldn't have had to pound on the door to wake my roommate when I got home last night.

PRACTICE   8

   1. If the wind weren't blowing hard, I would take the boat out for a ride.   2. I wouldn't feel better now if you hadn't talked to me about my problems last night.   3. If Gary hadn't carried heavy furniture when he helped Ann move, his back wouldn't hurt now.   4. If Paul weren't working on two jobs right now, he would have time to help you with your remodeling. 5. If I had been working at the restaurant last night, I would have waited on your table.
6. If Diane hadn't asked questions every time she didn't understand a problem, she wouldn't have a good understanding of geometry now.   7. If a bulldozer hadn't been blocking the road, we would have arrived on time.   8. She wouldn't be exhausted today if she had gotten some sleep last night.   9. If they had been paying attention, they would have seen the sign marking their exit from the highway.    10. If the doctor really cared about his patients, he would have explained the medical procedure to me before surgery.

PRACTICE   9
 1. Should you need   2. Were I you   3. Had they realized   4. Had Alan tried 5. Should anyone call   6. Were I   7. Had everyone arrived   8. Should the post office close   9. Had I not opened   10. Were she   11. Should you change   12. had she been

PRACTICE 10 
 1. A   2. A   3. D   4. D   5. С   6. A   7. С   8. А   9. С 10. А 11. С    12. А   13. В   14. А   15. А   16. А   17. В   18. В  19. А   20. С

PRACTICE 11 
 1. were shining   2. had gone   3. had driven   4. could swim   5. would stop  6. had won   7. had gotten   8. hadn't quit   9. were   10. would sing   11. could bring   12. had offered

PRACTICE  12
 1. were   2. had been made   3. had (never) met   4. were   5. hadn't heard 6. didn't have (OR: hadn't)   7. didn't exist   8. had happened   9. were 10. were   11. had stopped   12. had appeared

PRACTICE  TEST A 
1. В   2. С   3. С   4. А   5. С   6. В   7. D   8. В   9. D 10. A   11. С   12. В   13. В   14. В   15. D   16. С   17. D   18. D  19. D   20. A

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

1	 Павлоцкий, В.М., Тимофеева, Т.М. Практикум по грамматике английского языка [Текст] / В.М. Павлоцкий, Т.М. Тимофеева.- СПБ.: Изд-во “ИГРЕК-М”, 1996
2	Adward G.Woods., Nicole J. McLeord. Using English Grammar: meaning and form.- Prentece Hall Europe., 1990
3	Collings Cobuild. Student s Grammar.- Harper Collings Publishers., 1991
4	Martin Hewings. Advanced Grammar in Use - Cambridge University Press, 1999

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